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“Il farmaco è un bene di rilevanza giuridica sia in quanto strumentale alla tutela della salute sia in quanto possibile oggetto di rapporti economici. Si comprende pertanto come la disciplina del farmaco si collochi al crocevia di differenti interessi e come il rapporto tra questo bene e il suo diritto possa declinarsi attraverso molteplici prospettive”. (Dal testo)

Medicine.

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The Precision Medicine Initiative, which was instituted by President Barack Obama on January 20, 2015, highlighted the importance that advances in genomics and related “-omic” approaches have made to science and medicine, and it set the stage for their federally funded and mandated integration into the delivery of health care. Whether these advances comprise large-scale approaches, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, which provides a modern classification of cancers based on molecular profiles, or genealogy initiatives, which seek to trace the movement of our early ancestors out of Africa, genomic technology has taken us closer to developing targeted therapies and a refined understanding of our evolutionary journey. It is against this backdrop that we summarized some of the recent advances in the field of precision medicine, or personalized medicine, as they pertain to neurosurgery. In this e-Book collection provided by Frontiers in Surgery: Neurosurgery, we present a collection of articles by leaders in the field of neurosurgery that highlight domains using a personalized approach for the treatment of patients or avenues when personalization is possible and when it will likely alter the care of patients with neurological diseases.

Neurosurgery --- Personalized Medicine --- Vascular --- Precision Medicine --- Tumors

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Faglig kritikk og refleksjon er viktige elementer i all helsefaglig praksis og kunnskapsutvikling. Denne antologien presenterer et bredt spekter av kritiske perspektiver på helsetjenester og helsevitenskap, i hensikt å utfordre og oppfordre leseren til kritisk refleksjon. Vektleggingen av evidensbasert praksis kan forstås som en kritikk av at helsearbeid i for liten grad har vært basert på det nyeste av vitenskapelig dokumentert kunnskap. Den økende betydningen som tillegges brukermedvirkning i behandling, tjenesteutforming og forskning, kan i stor grad sees som resultatet av årtier med kritikk av paternalistiske og egenrådige profesjoner. På samme måten kan satsing på folkehelse og forebygging forstås som en kritikk av et sykdomsfokusert helsevesen som agerer først når sykdom og skade er et faktum, i stedet for å forebygge. Evidensbasert praksis, brukermedvirkning og folkehelsearbeid kan dermed framstå som hardt tilkjempede, vellykkede og ønskelige resultater av kritisk vitenskapelig virksomhet. Så hva er da meningen med å utsette slike «opplagte goder» for enda mer kritikk? Med denne antologien vil vi demonstrere hvorfor vi kontinuerlig trenger å utfordre det vi tar for gitt, og vise med eksempler hvordan dette kan gjøres. Målgruppen for boken er forskere og undervisere i helsefaglige temaer, samt studenter ved PhD- og masterutdanninger. Enhver profesjonsutøver i helse- og sosialfag vil også ha utbytte av å lese boken. Professional criticism and reflection are important elements in both practice and innovation within the health sciences. This anthology presents a wide range of critical perspectives on health care and health science aimed at challenging and encouraging the reader to critical reflection. The emphasis on evidence-based practice can be understood as a critique of the insufficient extent to which health work has been based on the latest scientific findings. The increasing importance of user involvement in treatment, service design and research can largely be seen as the result of decades of criticism of paternalistism and self-interest within the professions. In the same way, commitment to public health and preventive care can be understood as a critique of a disease-focused healthcare system that is only engaged once disease and/or injury are present, rather than preventing them. Evidence-based practice, user involvement and public health work can thus appear as hard-fought and desirable results of critical scientific activity. So why subject such "obvious benefits" to even more criticism? With this anthology we will demonstrate why we continually need to challenge what we take for granted, and show with examples how this can be done. The target audience for the book is researchers and educators in various health sciences, as well as students at the Masters degree and PhD levels. Professional practitioners will also find this book of interest.

Evidence-based medicine.

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This book is the second in a series of two, featuring the Adiposity - Omics and Molecular Understanding, serving as an introduction to modern views on how the adipocytes are reciprocally interacting with organ systems in order to explain the biology of the body's fat cells and how they are integrated with other organ systems, like muscle cells and the liver, in order to control the lipid metabolism in our bodies, to finally preserve a positive balance between white and brown/beige adipocyte tissues (WAT and BAT). The understanding of the ""omics"" of obesity will therefore enable clinicians and researchers to better pursue the untoward incidents of metabolic deviations from a defined and health-bringing homeostasis, with fully responding WAT and BAT, being able to preserve a healthy balance between fat-producing and fat-metabolizing tissues for the benefit of the host, and thus longevity (optimal health with healthy, well-functioning organ systems) throughout a lifetime.

Endocrinology. --- Internal medicine --- Hormones --- Medicine --- Pediatric Endocrinology --- Endocrinology --- Health Sciences

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Toxoplasma gondii was first identified more than 100 years ago in the tissues of birds and mammals. Although toxoplasmosis is important all over the world, its approaches to diagnostic strategies considerably differ among countries. Its wide distribution may be attributed to complex transmission patterns and parasite coevolution with multiple hosts. Although T. gondii infections of immunocompetent people are generally considered asymptomatic, infections in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS or organ transplant recipients, can result in severe consequences. This book, composed of a series of articles, including effective diagnosis of laboratory in toxoplasma infections, congenital toxoplasmosis, relationship between toxoplasmosis and public health genomics, prevalence, genetic diversity of toxoplasmosis, and microparticle vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii by authors from all over the world, presents a wide open point of view for toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis. --- Coccidiosis --- Medicine --- Internal Medicine --- Infectious Diseases --- Health Sciences